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Counts ordered arrangements of r items chosen from n. Order matters — choosing ABC is different from choosing BAC.
The total number of permutations of a 9×9 Sudoku puzzle (before constraints) is P(81,81) = 81! ≈ 5.8×10¹²⁰ — but valid Sudokus number only about 6.7×10²¹.
Using permutations when order doesn't matter — "choose 3 toppings from 10" is a combination, not a permutation. C(10,3) = 120, not P(10,3) = 720.